WINTER'S TRUTH

My garden (still under construction) in December sans snow and ice with our current subtropical winter.

There are very few things in life I am certain of, all of which I can count on my fingers.

1. Forced social situations make me wish I had the ability to blend into walls (and while I have tried, I have been largely unsuccessful).
2. Nothing is better than a good nap. NOTHING!!!
3. I will always be at least 5 minutes late for everything no matter how hard I try to be on time.
4. Sometimes people suck. Sometimes people are awesome.
5. My garden's days are numbered.

Sooooo I'm pretty well aware of all these things year round, but the last item becomes particularly evident during this time of year. Bare branches, flattened stems, and slowly disintegrating clumps somehow seem much less permanent then when they were actively growing. Not only does their dormancy invoke more of a transiency, but the subdued tones and textures have a way of revealing the natural forces that not only shape seasonal patterns, but the surrounding landscape itself.

Although, it's not just these larger forces of change that reveal themselves during the colder months. Smaller, more subtler details that are otherwise obscured during the growing season become apparent as well. In the case of the property where I garden (that has essentially gone from abandoned agricultural field to forest in the last 30 years) I can see the continual succession and regeneration of the forest itself.


Fagus grandifolia, American Beech. As the forest matures this species is slowly but surely reclaiming the land it lost perhaps centuries before.

My point being in all this blathering (and getting back to why all this is relevant to the fifth item on my list) is that the winter showcases change as the ruthless, incessant, and unstoppable force it always has been and always will be. Nothing, however seemingly stagnant or enduring, is forever. This obviously applies to all things, gardens included.

This fact is particularly relevant to me, given where my garden ended up. While undeniably beautiful, the landscape that provides the expansive scenic backdrop will inevitably be the source of its destruction. On a daily basis the neighboring salt marsh is at least semi-flooded by the tidal pulses of the Atlantic, even more so on spring tides, and again, even more so when we have astronomical tides. Couple this with a powerful storm, like, for example, a hurricane that we're way past due for in the Boston area, and it's all over. The best I can hope for is it happens latter in the season when at least some of the plants are partially dormant and the salt damage will be minimized a bit. I know it's only a matter of time before the worst case scenario becomes a reality, I'm just hoping its a little further down the pipeline than what I'm expecting.


Tidal Ebb. These two images were taken on the same day, a few hours apart.


SALT (SALINE SOIL) TOLERANT PERENNIALS:
In a feeble attempt to accept my briney fate, I figured I'd look at a few of the more salt tolerant species we have in our flora. While none of these plants (with perhaps the exception of L. carolinianum) are able to withstand the full salinity of ocean water, they would at least have a fighting chance of making it through a major (but temporary) storm event. Unfortunately, many of the diverse flowering species that favor brackish waters of the upper marsh are being displaced at an alarming pace by Common Reed (Phragmites australis) without any sign of slowing. The lists below does not include either rushes or grasses which are some of the most salt tolerant plants we have. For a more complete list of salt tolerant herbaceous species check out this excellent diagrammatic list put out by Norfolk's (VA) Bureau of Environmental Services.


Hibiscus moscheutos - Swamp Rose Mallow
Zones 4-9
I have a soft spot for the softer pink, eyeless forms usually associated with the subspecies Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. palustris.
Purchase from: Prairie Nursery, Rare Find Nursery, Glover Perennials, Possibility Place, Agrecol


Hymenocallis occidentalis var. occidentalis Synonym: H. caroliniana - Northern Spider Lily
Zones 5-?(the literature is all over the place with this one, have seen 8,9, and 10)
I'm still in the process of getting a handle on this southeastern genus, and while I can't speak to the salinity tolerance of H. occidentalis there are multiple subtropical and tropical species that are highly salt tolerant (H. latifolia is often found growing in the company of mangroves in the coasts of Florida, Mexico, and the West Indies). I'm wishfully hoping that this trait is still at least partially present in some of the more cold hardy members of the genus, like H. occidentalis.
Purchase from: Missouri Wildflower Nursery, Niche Gardens, Sunshine Farm and Gardens



Iris prismatica - Slender Blue Flag Iris
Zones 3-9
One of our few native irises tolerant of saline soils. On the smaller side (to 2') and perfectly suited to average garden conditions (can be a bit wide ranging though). There are 2 other species that are tolerant of salt spray (I. hookeri and I. setosa), but I couldn't find any literature supporting their tolerance to saline soils and neither can tolerate the hotter summers you find south of zone 7.
Purchase from: Plant Delights Nursery, Plant Delights Nursery, Nearly Native Nursery, Morning Sky Greenery, Toadshade Wildflower Farm, Gardens In the Wood of Grassy Greek, Edelweiss Perennials



Kosteletzkya virginica syn. K. pentacarpos - Seashore Mallow
Zones (6)7-9
A significantly less hardy, slightly less coarse version of Swamp Rose Mallow, perhaps a bit more salt tolerant. This guy was killed outright in my zone 6a garden, so if you're attempting to grow it north of zone 7, make sure the source plant material is coming from more northerly populations within its range.
Purchase from: Plant Delights Nursery, Environmental Concerns, Niche Gardens, Niche Gardens, Earth First Natives, Almost Eden, Mulberry Woods Nursery, Bryan and Sons



Limonium carolinianum syn. L. nashii - Sea Lavender
Zones 3-9
Perhaps the most salt tolerant flowering species in the northeast. While found growing in wet soils in the wild, in cultivation (sans salty water) it requires good drainage.
Purchase from: Rare Find Nursery, Earth Tones Natives



Sabatia kennedyana - Plymouth Gentian
Zones 4-9, although have seen multiple sources that list this hardy only to zone 7
There's is a closely related, very similar looking and adapted plant S. dodecandra that is equally worth growing. I have included sources for this plant as well below.
Purchase from: Plant Delights Nursery, Niche Gardens, Mellow Marsh Farm, Plant Delights Nursery, Niche Gardens



Symphyotrichum tenuifolium - Perennial Salt-marsh Aster
Zones ?4-9?
Purchase from: Southern Branch Nursery


SALT (SALINE SOIL) TOLERANT TREES:
In the northeast it might be pushing it a bit to call any tree "salt tolerant" and none would probably even come close to even the least tolerant herbaceous species above, but these guys are ultimately as good as it gets. Again none of these species would be able to survive anywhere near the mean hightide line, the idea is simply that they might have more of chance of surviving a major storm event. For a more complete picture, check out this list put out by the Virginia Cooperative Extension.


Amelanchier canadensis - Canada Serviceberry
Zones 4-8
Purchase from: Accents for Home and Garden, Cold Stream Farm, Greenwood Nursery, New England Wetland PLants, Prairie Moon Nursery



Chionanthus virginicus - Fringetree
Zones (4)5-9, although have seen many 3-9
Purchase from: A Nearly Native Nursery, Almost Eden Plants, Forestfarm, Gardensoyvey, Lazy S'S Farm, Niche Gardens, Plant and Gnome, Shady Gardens Nursery, Sooner Plant Farm, Tree Seeds, Vincent Gardens, White Oak Nursery, Nasami Farm



Diospyros virginiana - Common Persimmon
Zones 4-9
Purchase from: A Nearly Native Nursery, Forest Farm, Greenwood Nursery, New England Wetland PLants, Tree Seeds, White Oak Nursery



Juglans nigra - Black Walnut
Zones 4-9
While not exceptionally salt tolerant I consistently find this species growing at the edge of the salt marsh, closer than any other surrounding species.
Purchase from: Cold Stream Farm, Forest Farm, Plant and Gnome, Idaho Forest Research Nursery



Juniperus virginiana - Eastern Red-cedar
Zones 3-9, although have seen everything from 2-9 to 4-9
Despite being common, a very (and perhaps overly so) adaptable evergreen tree.
Purchase from: A Nearly Native Nursery, Purchase this from Cold Stream Farm, Forest Farm, Toadshade Wildflower Farm, Tree Seeds, White Oak Nursery, Environmental Concerns



Magnolia virginiana - Sweetbay Magnolia
Zones 5-9
Purchase from: Beaver Creek, Briggs Forest Farm, Kelly Nursery, Gardensoyvey, Pleasant Run, Sooner Plant Farm, Southeastern Natives, Spring Meadow, Tankard Nurseries, Environmental Concerns



Taxodium distichum - Baldcypress
Zones 4-10
Arguably one of the most unique and adaptable trees in our flora (although the furthest northern extent of its range is Delaware, so technically outside of the northeast) and our only truly aquatic tree. In all likelihood perhaps the most salt tolerant of all temperate trees, there is ongoing work to increase this species salinity tolerance.
Purchase from:Nearly Native Nursery, Boyd Nursery, Cold Stream Farm, Conifer Kingdom, Lazy S'S Farm, Plant and Gnome, Rarexoticseeds, Sooner Plant Farm, Environmental Concerns


IMAGE SOURCES: H. moscheutos (LEFT, RIGHT); H. occidentalis (LEFT, RIGHT); K. virginica (LEFT, RIGHT); L. carolinianum (LEFT, RIGHT); S. kennedyana (LEFT, RIGHT); S. tenuifolium (LEFT, RIGHT); C. virginicus (LEFT, RIGHT); D. virginiana (LEFT, RIGHT); J. nigra (LEFT, RIGHT); J. virginiana (LEFT, RIGHT); M. virginiana (LEFT, RIGHT); T. distichum (LEFT, RIGHT)

WILD SOMEPLACE ELSE

Gardners are the worst kind of people. Self righteous, opinionated, eccentric, and worst of all woefully ignorant..... Okay maybe not all gardners.... okay maybe its just a small minority of gard-e... myself. I'm talking about myself.

I suppose I should elaborate a bit.

For the record this ignorant gardener actually does do his homework. I have a zero fuss policy and refuse to plant anything that won't do well in the sad excuse for soil I have to work with. Recently, after doing a thorough vetting, it was definitively decided that my garden was in desperate need of some Sanguisorba canadensis. As with most of my "natives" I have an idealistic vision of the plant growing abundantly in some pristine habitat with a bubbling brook, maybe a grassy bank or 2, but mainly far far away from any vestige of civilization or, to put it another way, far, far away from me. In my own defense I think most people think that way. "Wild" is where people aren't, right?

So after shoveling out some 50 odd bucks to a reputable native nursery I happily planted my S. canadensis and they, of course, performed exactly as I predicted, growing vigorously in their new home. Around the time they were flowering this year (August-October for the uninitiated) I was driving along the road to the property where I do the majority of my gardening and was just about there when I noticed something out of the corner of my eye growing in an old field (again this was maybe a minute down the road, in a spot that I have passed by probably hundreds of times before). The spot was the opposite of pristine, there was no bubbling brook, no grassy banks, and very much not far away from any vestige of civilzation. Yet, despite this there was a very content looking little colony (see above) of the very plant I had just shoveled out over half a century in bills for.

This drove home a few things for me.
1. Even when we think we're in tune with our surroundings there's still a lot were blind to, even when these "invisible" things all but smack us up the side of the head.
2. Evolving as a gardner means evolving how you perceive your surroundings, but more importantly finding beauty in the common and under appreciated.
3. "Wild" is a not an other, or pristine, it exists where ever things are able to grow. A back alley in Boston is no more wild than a mountaintop in the Appalachians. And just beacause a plant might not grow in the most virgin far away reaches of the globe does not make it any less worthy of our admiration, protection, or respect.

And so, to make ammends for my past sins, I thought I'd focus in on a few of these species in my own backyard that I've either underappreciated, overlooked, or both. And to do proper pennance for either intentionally removing or accidentally trampling these guys in the not so distant past, if you live in the northeast and would like a seedling (or 2 or 3 or 4) of any of the starred(*) species below just let me know. I've already collected seed from most, and will have a flat or 2 come spring of at least a few of the plants I've highlighted (I already have a few spots picked out for the majority, so they'll have a home regardless of whether or not I get any requests :)



*Amelanchier canadensis - Canada Serviceberry
Zones 4-8
Purchase from: Accents for Home and Garden, Cold Stream Farm, Greenwood Nursery, New England Wetland PLants, Prairie Moon Nursery, Shooting Star Nursery



*Carex pennsylvanica - Pennsylvania Sedge, Oak Sedge
Zone: 4-7, although I've seen plenty of 3-8
After covering over, mowing, pulling up, and overall ignoring the little stand of pennsylvania sedge in my garden, it has refused to give up. It's a little surprising actually, given that the soils are clayey which is the opposite of what pennsylvania sedge prefers. This little population may have some unique genetics that allow it to grow in heavier soils.
Purchase from: Classy Groundcovers, Everwilde Farms, Greenwood Nursery, Morning Sky Greenery, Prairie Nursery, Prairie Moon Nursery, Santa Rosa Gardens, Shooting Star Nursery, Yellow Springs Farm



*Cornus alternifolia - Pagoda Dogwood
Zones 3-8
Purchase from: American Beauties, A Nearly Native Nursery, Cold Stream Farm, Forestfarm, Lazy S'S Farm & Nursery, New England Wetland Plants, Prairie Moon Nursery, Tree Seeds, White Oak Nursery



*Doellingeria umbellata (syn. Aster umbellatus) - Flat-topped White Aster
Zones 3-8
I accidentally collected the seed of this species while attempting to collect both Symphyotrichum laeve and Symphyotrichum prenanthoides. Deer resistant. The fluffy white seed heads look good right up to the first heavy snow.
Purchase from: American Meadows, Everwilde Farms, Morning Sky Greenery, Prairie Moon



Geranium maculatum - Wild Geranium
Zones 3-8
One of our toughest wildflowers. Sun or shade, wet(ish) or dry, I've seen this guy growing in almost every situation you could think of.
Purchase from: Amanda's Garden, American Meadows, Everwilde Farms, Morning Sky Greenery, New Moon Nursery, Outback Nursery, Prairie Moon, Van Berkum Nursery



Hypoxis hirsuta - Yellow Star Grass
Zones 3-9
One of the cutest, longest blooming, and perhaps happiest wildflowers we have.
Purchase from: Earth Tone Natives, Garden Delights, Everwilde Farms, Izel Native Plants, Lazys Farm, Morning Sky Greenery, Mulberry Woods Nursery, Prairie Moon, Sunshine Farms and Gardens



*Rosa carolina - Pasture Rose
Zones 4-9
Purchase from: American Beauties, Carolina Native Nursery, Catskill Native Nursery, Dropseed Native Nursery Everwilde Farms, Forest Keeling, Ion Exchange, Izel Native Plants, Long Island Natives, Outback Nursery, Pleasant Run Nursery, Possibility Place Nursery, Prairie Moon, Prairie Nursery, Wasco Nursery, Wild Ridge Plants



*Sanguisorba canadensis - Canadian Burnet
Zones 3-7
Purchase from: Earth Tone Natives, Klehm's Song Sparrow, Prairie Moon, Project Native, Sunnyborder, Van Berkum Nursery



*Solidago nemoralis - Gray Goldenrod
Zones 3-9
Purchase from: Dropseed Native Nursery, Everwilde Farms, Forrest Keeling Nursery, Hidden Savanna Nursery, Pinelands Nursery, Missouri Wildflowers Nursery, Morning Sky Greenery, New Moon Nursery, Prairie Moon, Spence Nursery



*Solidago speciosa - Showy Goldenrod
Zones 3-9
This plant is perhaps my biggest regret. Granted this picture above doesn't show the buckthorn that was taking over, or the steadily advancing colony of poison ivy, I should have made more of an effort to integrate the existing colony into the garden. I'll be growing a flat or 2 up from seed I collected this season so if your on the market for some S. speciosa just give me a holler.
Purchase from: Almost Eden Plants, Everwilde Farms, Morning Sky Greenery, Niche Gardens, Prairie Moon, Prairie Nursery



*Teucrium canadense - American Germander
Zones Zones 3-9 (also seen 4-8)
Agressively rhizomatous in wet soils and fulls sun, not the showiest of plants, but a good filler for rain gardens among taller, more robust species that it won't overwhelm. Its cotton candy colored flowers aren't too showy, but in mass it makes an impact. Good native alternative to Gooseneck Loosestrife (Lysimachia clethroides).
Purchase from: Dropseed Native Plant Nursery, Earthtone Natives, Everwilde Farms, Ion Exchange, Morning Sky Greenery, Prairie Moon, Sand Mountain Herbs, Toadshade Wildflower Farm



Vaccinium corymbosum - Highbush Blueberry
Zones 3-8
One of our most adaptable and hardy native shrubs and one of the few (or only) ericaceous plants that seems to thrive in heavy clay. I always wondered why anyone ever felt the need to plant Euonymus when we had this native. Beautiful fall foliage, often holding on to its leaves long after most trees and shrubs have dropped theirs.
Purchase from: American Beauties, Burnt Ridge Nursery, Clear Ridge Nursery Fall Creek, Long Island Natives, New England Wetland Plants, Pinelands Nursery, Rare Exotic Seeds, Rare Find Nursery


IMAGE SOURCE FOR TEUCRIUM CANADENSE: LEFT, RIGHT

TREE ZOMBIE APOCALYPSE

I don't know what it says about me exactly, but for some reason I always seem to end up living next to a graveyard. Granted cemeteries aren't so rare that most people haven't lived close to one at some point in their lives, but so far every place I've called home has either been directly next to, or just down the street from a big graveyard. Even my ol' homestead was just a minute walk from a massive cemetery that you could get lost in if you didn't know where you were going.


Don't let the pretty Sugar Maples fool you....

As any rational kid would conclude, my family would be the first to get munched on in the inevitable zombie apocalypse. I used to lie awake at night planning the best escape route should a hungry horde of 'em finally burst through the door.... the rest of my family was on their own (that's what you get for sticking me in the bedroom next to the basement), anyway I digress.

In addition to giving me way too many vivid nightmares and an overly intense fear of death, this proximity has made me extra observant when it comes to the character of these places. There's one particularly forlorn graveyard that I pass by on my bike ride to work that has recently caught my attention. As with most small city spaces the... aaah, uuuum... occupants? are packed in way too close for comfort, leaving basically zero room for your typical graveyard trees. The few decent sized trees that have managed to eek out an existence are relegated to the edges of the lot, squeezing themselves into the few far away corners where the weed-whackers and road salt can't reach. Which brings me to the most prominent feature of the graveyard..... a real life zombie!!!!!


The "zombie" (and no, I'm not talking about the old guy on the sidewalk, but the dead American Elm, Ulmus americana he's standing next to. Sorry old guy)

Unfortunately, the tree zombie apocalypse seems to already be here, and its putting many of the recent undead themed blockbusters to shame. More and more of our native species seem to be entering some sort of disease induced twilight existence; while not entirely extinct, they haunt their former ranges as mere shadows of their former selves. While everybody seems to know the story of the American Elm (Ulmus americana), there's also the American Chestnut (Castanea dentata), Butternut (Juglans cinerea), our native Ashes (Fraxinus spp.), our native Hemlocks (Tsuga spp.), Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida), as well as many of our Viburnums (Viburnum spp.) and yes I know they're not trees but I wanted to include them anyway. There are many, many more that I could easily add to this list, but I figured it was depressing enough already.


THE (once) dominant tree species of the northeast (the American Chestnut, Castanea dentata) is now reduce to nothing more than the occasional root sucker.

Those trees species that manage to escape total devastation are often still faced with the persistent threat of exotic pest and disease. The biggest and most recent of these (that has gotten a lot of press coverage and for good reason) is the Asian Longhorned Beetle that has the potential to devastate nearly all U.S. hardwood populations. In addition to potential threats there are plenty of exotic genus specific diseases that while may not be as devastating as some, often contribute to the overall declined of what would otherwise be a healthy tree. Even our native Beech (Fagus grandiflora) is faced with an exotic pest that destroys the most distinguishable and beautiful feature about them, turning their smooth bark into a festering cankerous mess.


Beech Bark Disease - IT'S ALREADY HAPPENING!!!

And of course, the source of nearly all of these diseases (or at least the source of their introduction to North America) are anthropogenic (a.k.a. us dumb people and usually associated with my profession, landscape architecture). The alarming maps charting the rapid spread of these epidemics could easily stand in for any scary, scientificky looking graphic in afore mentioned blockbusters.


Emerald Ash Borer Spread (2011)

But all hope is not lost, or at least not completely. In a few of these instances the source of many of these species destruction is also the source of their salvation, or at least sort of. In the case of the American Elm, American Chestnut, and Flowering Dogwood, they all have fairly closely related Asian and/or European counterparts (Ulmus parviflora, Castanea mollissima, and Cornus kousa to name a few) where many of these diseases are endemic, thus offering a genetic source of disease resistance that is being breed into our native species in an attempt to give them at least some fighting chance (while also corrupting the genetic integrity of the species, but hey, what you gonna do...). In addition to these efforts, our native population of both American Elms and Flowering Dogwoods have produced disease resistant individuals that are now available in the trade (Ulmus americana 'Valley Forge' and Cornus florida 'Appalachian Spring'). So all hope is not lost. You can even observe this first hand. For example, anyone who gardens next to or around an American Elm (before they are inevitably killed by Dutch elm disease) knows that they are prolific seeders. The shear number of seedlings trees produce provides some hope that eventually at least some small portion of these seedlings will develop greater and greater resistance with each passing generation.


Next time your walking around any old northeast town or city take a look in the nearest abandoned lot. You'll be sure to find at least a few young American Elms, maybe even some decent sized trees.

In an effort to help stop the spread of these and other diseases that have the potential to completely wipe out our native forests, plant resistant varieties and be wary of newly introduced exotic species that are closely related to our natives as these could be harbingers of the next dutch-elm disease (a.k.a tree zombie apocalypse). Also do your best when purchasing natives to avoid importing from areas that are heavily infested. People zombies might be science fiction, but tree zombies are science fact. They might not eat your brains but the actual impacts can be pretty damn sad. Consider the film below and do your best to keep the next tree zombie apocalypse from happening.

APPPLES BE SLUTTY

A brief 15 minute sampling of wild crabapples growing at the property where I garden.

Now that apple picking season is upon us I think it's time someone stepped up to the plate and called out the darlings of autumn as the slutty ho-bags (I checked the urban dictionary, and yes, its hyphenated) they truly are... Jk. Kind of.

The genus Malus (to which all apples belong) is notoriously promiscuous and will produce fertile offspring with nearly any other individual, regardless of species. This indiscriminate reproductive attitude lends apples not only an amazing adaptability, but a crazy amount of phenotypic diversity that boggles the mind. My state (MA) has no endemic species (at least as far back as the last ice age anyway). The closest North American native Malus is M. coronaria (Sweet Crabapple) with a range centered in the southern Great Lakes region and only extending as far east as New York. Yet, go to any abandoned field in the northeast and you're bound to find at least a few "wild" apples growing happily amongst the usual palette of successive species (the property where I garden being no exception). After doing a little crabapple recon for about 15 minutes I was able to find 5 trees of drastically different shapes and sizes with the fruit to match; Reds and yellows, shiny and dull, large and small... Keep in mind this was without even trying to find contrasting individuals, simply no 2 were alike.



Various Malus on the property. In addition to fruit and tree habbit, leaf shape and size also showed a huge amount of variability. Some looked exactly like those you'd find on orchard trees (sans lobes and kind of large) and others looking very much like those of Hawthorn (multiple lobes and kind of small).



Crabby bounty.


Our centuries old love affair with apples in the northeast has given rise to what I've affectionately referred to in previous posts as Malus x intermedia, a genetic conglomeration of at least 6 contributioning species (probably more) from around the globe including M. sylvestris, M. hupehensis, M. pumila, M. sargentii, M. ioensis, M. sieboldii, and maybe a bit of M. coronaria as well. While these small trees have the potential to displace other flowering natives like Amelanchier, in their defense they are not particularly aggressive and have quite a bit of ecological/wildlife value. Despite the trees status as a foreign invader, it's a bit mind-blowing to consider the future of this interspecific mess as it continues to grow and evolve in the region. Will it maintain it's diversity of forms and shapes as new genetics are continually added into the gene pool or will certain traits win out as the ?species? competes for real estate in its "new" environment. While these scenarios will be playing out long after I'm gone, its awe-inspiring to consider I might be witnessing the birth of a new, unique species.

With that said, the promiscuity and fertility that characterizes the genus (while superficially appearing to be a good thing) can actually endanger the genetic integrity of existing native populations. While this may be an over simplistic summation, when foreign, perhaps deleterious genes, are continually pumped into a given discrete population it would only make sense that the overall fitness of individuals within the population would be negatively affected. This would ultimately affect the adaptations that allow the trees to cope with location specific environmental stresses that the species has been adapting to for thousands and thousands of years. So if you are in fact lucky enough to live in areas that has native apples, try your hand at preserving what little genetic integrity remains by planting a native Malus of your own. Be aware, however, that our native apples have pretty much no resistance to cedar apple rust, and while they will grow regardless, if you live in an area with eastern red cedar expect the trees to be mostly defoliated by the end of the season. And as one final disclaimer, don't expect the garish colors you are used to seeing at the grocery store. The fruits of our 4 native species pretty much peak at a dull yellowish green when ripe (although M. fusca does take on muted red and burgundy tones). Ok, now that I have thoroughly dampened whatever enthusiasm you might have for growing these natives, here ya go...



Malus angustifolia - Southern Crabapple
Zones (5)6-9
Purchase from: Foggy Mountain Nursery, Hidden Savanna Nursery, Just Fruits and Exotics, Nearly Native Nursery, Mail Order Natives, Vincent Gardens, Woodlanders



Malus coronaria - Sweet Crabapple
Zones 4-8
Purchase from: Alpha Nurseries, Cold Stream Farm, Forest Farm, Nurserymen.com



Malus fusca - Pacific Crabapple
Zones 5-8
Purchase from: Burnt Ridge Nursery, Forest Farm, Las Pilitas Nursery, Lawyer Nursery



Malus ioensis - Prairie Crabapple
Zones 4-8
While this native has lots of cultivars in the trade (mainly double flowered forms that are largely fruitless) the straight species is largely absent and rather difficult to locate.
Purchase from: Alpha Nursery, Sheffield's Seed Company

If you're on the market for something a bit flashier (and don't live in an area where you run the risk of corrupting the integrity of local native species) check out this lists put out by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

To summarize, embrace your inner whore and plant an apple. Or just plant an apple. That is all. :)

IMAGE SOURCES: M. angustifolia (flower, fruit), M. coronaria (flower, fruit), M. fusca (flower, fruit), M. ioensis (flower, fruit)

AUGUST LESSONS

There's something about August that forces one to pause... reflect... take stock. I'm not sure if it's the weather or the residual feelings that are ingrained in the subconscious of every former student, but somehow as the month begins to wain so to does the passage of time. By the last week of the month, the viscosity of life seems almost unbearable, suffocating even. It's no surprise that this time of year is the most challenging for a gardener (at least in my own limited experience).

At this point in the season all the garden's flaws seem to be front and center as most of the garden is in a not so graceful transitional phase, with many of the summer plants looking heat weary and worn, and the fall chorus still getting warmed up (or in this case cooled down). While fall still holds latent potential, much of the garden is past its prime and the sometimes harsh contrast between your own over-inflated expectations and the reality of what's in front of you can be a real downer. As unpleasant as this post summer reality might be, its an unavoidable, but necessary part of of having a garden. It prompts an efficiency and pragmatism that relentlessly pushes the design forward. This has been especially true of my recent endeavor, still in its infancy.

So rather than simply dwell on the negative, I thought I'd share some of my lessons by highlighting a few of the plants that surprised me... or will hopefully surprise me this year (both the good and the bad):


1. THOU SHALL KNOW THINE PLANT(S).


Liatris pyanostacha - Prairie Blazing Star
Zones 3-9
This is a great instance of not fully understanding a plant's unique qualities and attributes prior to using it in the garden, and then being dissapointed when the plant behaves exactly as it should. I had read repeatedly that this species of Liatris excelled in clay (which it obviously does). And of course, rather than investigating the plant any further, I immediately dropped the research part of getting to know the plant and left the rest up to my imagination. If I had actually followed up, even a little bit, I would have discovered that L. pyanostacha is the gangly monster of the genus. By the time they actually get around to flowering (at least in a heavier, fairly moist soil) the garden looks a bit like it's being invaded by a swarm of giant fuzzy purple caterpillars, creeping along the ground and on top of whatever poor neighbor they've happened to topple over on. Had I been a proper gardener and done my homework, I would have realized that when grown in a richer soil this species needs support from sturdier neighbors just as it does in it's prairie home (I'm gonna try interplanting it with either Boltonia asteroides, Agastache foeniculum, or Doellingeria umbellata. Haven't quite made up my mind just yet).
Purchase from: Agrecol, Almost Eden, Everwilde Farms, Forest Keeling, Hoffie Nursery, Ion Exchange, Lazy S'S Farm, Outback Nursery, Niche Gardens, Morning Sky Greenery, Prairie Moon, Prairie Nursery, Shooting Star Nursery, Spence Nursery

2. THOU SHALL PRESCRIBE TO A STRICT GARDENING DOGMA... THEN ACCEPT THAT ALL WHO ADHERE TO DOGMA OF ANY SORT ARE FOOLS AND FANATICS... BUT MAINLY JUST FOOLS.
There are 2 things I swore I'd never do: 1.) bother with any "non-indigenous" plants, and 2.) plant an annual. But, after dealing with voracious deer, water-logged clayey soil, salt, and biting winter winds howling off the Atlantic I've gone with a more "if it grows and doesn't get eaten I grow more of it" mentality. I might be over-simplifying just a bit, but I've been willing to bend my principles as of late (cautiously as always), but bend them none the less.


Salvia uliginosa - Bog Sage
Zones (6)7-10, surprisingly cold hardy for a Brazilian native
This tender perennial sage (that despite it's name, doesn't actually require a boggy soil) finally won me over with its long airy spires of true blue flowers. It's only been in the ground a little over a month now, but I'm already in love. At the very least (even if it doesn't come back) I'll be planting it in droves around the plants the deer favor, as it's pretty pungent, even for a sage. Pretty sure it would deter even the most determined of those perpetually munching herbivores.
Purchase from: Accents for Home and Garden, Avant Gardens, Colonial Creek Farm, Digging Dog, Gardens in the Wood of Grassy Creek, Joy Creek, Lazy S'S Farm, Plant Delights, Putnam Hill, Vincent Gardens


Salvia nutans - Nodding Sage
Zones 3-9. I've also seen a few 6-10, but given its natural range 3-9 is more likely.
Guess I'm just a softy for those damn sages (the deer resistant thing doesn't hurt either). I'll be planting a pair of these in the highest and driest part of the garden to see if they make it through the winter. If they live up to the hype and survive, the texture and movement this species simply can't be beat.
Purchase from: Flowers by the Sea

3. THOU SHALL EMBRACE SERENDIPITY, YET ALSO ACCEPT THINE HAND OF LADY REALITY WHILST SHE SLAPPEST THOU ACROSS THE FACE.

Doellingeria umbellata (syn. Aster umbellatus) - Flat-topped White Aster
Zones 3-8
I accidentally collected the seed of this species while attempting to collect both Symphyotrichum laeve and Symphyotrichum prenanthoides. As it turns out the deer love both S. laeve and S. prenanthoides, but seem to totally avoid Doellingeria umbellata. I've now planted this (previously unknown to me) aster in with the other 2 species to act as a deer deterrent. Not the showiest species, but pretty 'nough with clean dark green foliage all season to boot.
Purchase from: American Meadows, Everwilde Farms, Morning Sky Greenery, Prairie Moon

4. THOU SHALL BREATHE.

Magnolia virginiana - Sweetbay Magnolia
Zones 5-9
While Sweetbay Magnolia may be a rather ubiquitous small landscape tree south of New England, many of the more cold hardy cultivars have yet to be fully utilized up north. I've taken some initiative by taking cuttings of northern stock material given that the more cold hardy cultivars (mainly 'Henry Hicks', 'Ned's Northern Belle' and 'Moonglow' aka 'Jim Wilson') aren't readily available in the north (go figure). Despite almost losing everything at one point, I now have a least 4 rooted cuttings that I'll hopefully be harvesting seed off of in a few years to spread around the property and neighboring swamps.
Purchase from: Beaver Creek, Briggs Forest Farm, Kelly Nursery, Gardensoyvey, Pleasant Run, Sooner Plant Farm, Southeastern Natives, Spring Meadow, Tankard Nurseries

RASPBERRIES, LOTS AND LOTS OF RASPBERRIES

I'm not in denial anymore. I know the likelihood of any of my little breeding projects actually producing anything viable, never mind any individuals with some garden worthy traits is pretty damn unlikely. Commercial breeders grow thousands upon thousands of plants to find that one winning individual that ends up at your local garden center (or your local farmer's field). But since I'm by no means an expert I'll let you get a bit of a lesson from this enthusiastic terma-breeder (get it? like termninator, except breeder... cause of the German thing... its probably not a good sign when your own jokes make you sad).



As far as pure numbers go there's no way the home gardener can come anywhere's near close, unless you have your own personal working farm with lots and lots of cheap and over-educated labor (which there is actually a lot of these days... so maybe if you have some surplus land and some spare change you could give professional plant breeding a try). But as much as I'm finally being realistic as far as my own limitations are concerned (well kinda realistic-ish, at least compared to my usual standards), this doesn't mean I've lost faith in the potential of the plants I'm working with. On the contrary, while I might be deluding myself, I feel like what home breeders lack in numbers, they can make up for in strategic crosses, exploiting the untapped and under-appreciated diversity within the genus they're working with.

If anything I've only gotten more excited, particularly with the main group of plants I've started working with, Rubus spp., aka raspberries and blackberries. This group becomes even more relevant when you consider the current trend of "patio edibles" (compact plants that do double duty as both ornamentals and productive edibles for the home landscape). Aside from this cosmopolitan genus's general aggressiveness there are many species within this group that have traits that lend themselves really, really well to the garden, mainly relatively big rose-like flowers (to which family they belong), delicious fruit (that freezes really well and is the main component of most of my smoothies!!!), and at least semi-ornamental foliage. Thought I'd use this post to highlight several of the species I'm working with, as well as a few other that hold some untapped potential. Viva la RUBUS!!!


SHRUBBY RUBUS SPP.


Rubus deliciosus syn. Oreobatus deliciosus - Rocky Mountain Raspberry or Boulder Raspberry
Zones 5-9, although I was only able to find 2 sources and one of them said 3
This super showy western North American species has been largely overlooked by the horticultral industry in the states. But of course, as the UK generally does with our underappciated natives, has given the plant it's proper horticultural due by crossing it with a closely related Mexican species (R. trilobus) to produce a popular ornamental across the pond, Rubus x tridel 'Benenden'.
Purchase from: Forest Farm, Fort Collins Wholesale Nursery



Rubus odoratus - Flowering Raspberry
Zones 3-8
Still humming away underneath the radar, this is one of our native shrubs that deserves much wider use in those in between trouble spots, especially in the northeast. STOP USING RHODIES!!!! Use this instead.
Purchase from: Amanda's Garden, Forest Farm, Keeping it Green Nursery, Lazys's Farm, Long Island Natives, White Oak Nursery, Shooting Star Nursery, Wild Ridge Plants, Yellow Springs Farm



Rubus parviflorus - Thimbleberry or White Flowering Raspberry
Zones 3-?9? (I've seen a lot of sources list 9, but since it seems most of the material out there is from the pacific northwest, I can't imagine it would do well much past 7 in the east)
A more refined, slightly more elegant, white flowered version of R. odoratus. While R. odoratus is native to the Northeastern US, R. parviflorus is native to the Pacific Northwest (down to northern California) as well as disjunct populations in the Great Lakes region. The red pedicles, simple white flowers and large crisp green leaves remind me a bit of Geranium macrorrhizum var .album on steroids.
Purchase from: Burnt Ridge Nursery, California Native Nursery, California Native Plants
and Habitat Enhancement Services, Las Pilitas Nursery, Out Back Nursery, Mostly Native Nursery, Rolling River Nursery, Seven Oaks Native Nursery, Wood Brook Native Plant Nursery, *Villager Nursery
*This nursery offers a pink form.



Rubus spectabilis - Salmonberry
Zones 5-8 (although none of the sources I found had a consistent zone range)
One of the tallest species in the Rubus clan, this guy can reach well over 12 ft and fills a similar niche in the pacific northwest as flowering currant, flowering early to attract the first hummers of the season. Despite its stature, based on very superficial observations this species seems more closely allied to R. articus, so I'm not quite sure how to categorize its genetics as far as future breeding work and what it has to offer.
Purchase from: Forest Farm, Fort Collins Wholesale Nursery, Fourth Corner Nurseries, Rain Tree Nursery, Seven Oaks Native Nursery, Yerba Buena Nursery



Rubus x fraseri - Fraser's Raspberry
Zones: ?
A documented hybrid in the UK between R. parviflorus and R. odoratus, and perhaps the queen of the genus. I'm hoping my attempt to cross the two parents of this beauty will be the first of my breeding projects to prove "fruitful" (I have found no source for the hybrid, only confirmation that it's happened, with the pictures to prove it). I'm Hoping to gradually select a seed strain adapted to the northeast that combines the best of both's it's parents. Currently the R. parviflorus material I've obtained has been flower shy, and fairly weak growing, most likely due to its pacific northwest origin (see image below, R. parvilforus is half the size of R. odoratus and a brighter, almost chartruese green). I'm hoping at some point to obtain (hopefully) more heat/drought tolerant material of R. parviflorus from disjunct populations of the species from the Great Lakes region.
Purchase from: ?




GROUNDCOVER RUBUS SPP.


Rubus articus - Artic Raspberry or Arctic Bramble
Zones 2-7, have also seen 1-5
A circumboreal species. The European species was crossed with the western north american subspecies Rubus arcticus subsp. stellatus to get most of the named varieties available in the horticultural trade in the U.S.. All progeny from these crosses are referred to as Rubus x stellarcticus.
Purchase from: KORE Wild Fruit Nursery, Peuraniemi Nursery



Rubus chamaemorus - Cloudberry or Bake Apple
Zones 2(1)-7, guessing
Another circumboreal species. The fruit of this plant actually makes up a substantial part of the economy of northern Scandanavia.
Purchase from: Pacific Rim Native Plant Nursery, Peuraniemi Nursery



Rubus flagellaris - Northern Dewberry
Zones 3-8, guessing
Abundant in the fields and roadsides of where I grew up. Generally prostrate, adaptable and aggressive.
Purchase from: Earth Tones, Possibility Place Nursery



Rubus hispidus - Swamp Dewberry or Bristly Dewberry
Zones 3-7
Purchase from: Out Back Nursery, Shooting Star Nursery


Rubus pubescens - Dwarf Red Blackberry or Dwarf Raspberry
Zones 3-7, guessing
Purchase from: Alpha Nursery, BotanyCa, Prairie Restoration, Inc., Grand Moraine Growers


Rubus lasiococcus - Roughfruit Berry or Dwarf Bramble
Zones ?
A cute little diminutive species from the pacific northwest.
Purchase from: California Flora Nursery, Cornflower Farm

And to conclude my Rubus ridiculousness I leave you with this guy. Your welcome.